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MEMOIR 



RELATIVE TO THE 



PROGRESS of the TRANSLATIONS 



g>arre& Scriptures, 

In the year 1815» 
ADDRESSED TO THE SOCIETY, 



SERAMPQRp' 
feftlttTtSD AT THR MISSION PBfeSJ* 



1816. 

/ 



MEMOIR 



RELATIVE 

TO THE PROGRESS OF THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE 

§>aCLTfc §>Ctt}3tUtT0, 

In the year 1815. Addressed to the Society. 
Very dear Brethren, 

Both the season of the year, and the present 
state of our Funds, now call on us to lay before you Ihe state of the 
Translations in which we are engaged. In doing this, however, it does 
not seem necessary this year to particularize every translation in our 
hands: in some of them there can, of course, have been but little pro- 
gress made, as they are chiefly in a state of preparation ; while in others, 
which have been longer in hand, the progress made in printing has been 
more rapid. 

It is now ten years since we matured the plan of giving the Scriptures 
in the various languages of India, taken in its widest sense, as embrac- 
ing China and the countries which lie between that country and Ben- 
gal. In this, our object was, not to act on the plan of excluding others, 
but to secure, to the utmost of our power, the accomplishment of the work. 
At that time, indeed, there was not an individual within the verge of our 
knowledge, who had engaged in the work; and that others have since 
been excited to engage in the same undertaking, we account clear gain 
to the cause. At theend of ten years, it may not be improper to pause, and 
take a review of what has been actually accomplished, as it may afford 
matter for gratitude, and ground for encouragement relative to what re- 
mains. What has been done will appear from the present state of the 
different versions as they stand at press. 

In the course of the past year, the Pentateuch has been printed off in 
the Orhsa language. This fully completesthat version ofthe Scriptures, 
and thus the whole of the sacred Oracles are now published in too ofthe 
languages of India, (the Bengalee and the Orissa ). 

In the Sungskrit the Historical books have been completed at press. In 
this ancient language, therefore, the parent of nearly all the rest, three 
of the five parts into which we divide the Scriptures, are both translat- 
ed and published, the New Testament, the Pentateuch, and the Histori- 
cal books. Two remain, the Hagiographa, which is now put to press, 
and the Prophetic books, the translation of which is nearly finished. 

A 



MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 



In the Hindee language, the Historical books are printed off: three fifths 
of the whole Scriptures are therefore published in this language. The 
Hagiographa is also put to press, and the Prophetic books' translated. It 
was mentioned in the last memoir, that the second edition of the New Tes- 
tament in this language was nearly finished : it is now in circulation. 

In the Mahratta language, the Historical books are nearly printed off? 
the Pentateuch and the New Testament have been long in circulation. 
These five are the languages in which the Old Testament is most consi- 
derably advanced at press. After these, ranks the Shikh, in which the 
New Testament is printed off, and the Pentateuch printed nearly to the 
end of Exodus. 

In ihe Chinese, the Pentateuch is put to press ; but various circumstan- 
ces have concurred to retard the printing. The method of printing with 
moveable types, being entirely new in that language, much time is ne- 
cessarily requisite to bring it to a due degree of perfection. The present 
type in which we are printing, is the fourth in size which we have cut, 
each of which has sustained a gradual reduction. This last, in which we 
are printing both the Pentateuch and the Epistles, is so far reduced, that, 
while a beautiful legibility is preserved, the whole of the Old Testament 
will be comprized in little more than the size of an English Octavo Bi- 
ble,and the New Testament will be brought into nearly the same num- 
ber of pages as an English New Testament. The importance of this in 
saving paper, and in rendering the Scriptures portable, appeared such as 
to induce us to risk the delay which would be unavoidably occasioned 
from every character being cut anew both for the New and Old Testa- 
ment. Another circumstance however has added to the delay : while 
preparing these types, we put to press an Elementary work in Chinese, 
under the name of " Clavis Sinica,' ' which when once begun, it was requi- 
site to finish. This work, together with the text and a translation of the 
Ta-hyoh, a small Chinese work added by way of appendix, forms a vo- 
lume of more than six hundred 4to pages. Before it was fully complet- 
ed, however, we were requested to print brother Morrison's Grammar ; 
and this work it appeared desirable to finish also with as little delay as 
possible. The unavoidable employment of our Chinese types and work- 
men in printing these elementary works, which together exceed nine 
hundred pages, has of course much retarded the printing of the Scrip- 
tures; but as the last of these works will be finished by the end of Au- 
gust, we hope in future to proceed in printing the Scriptures with little 
or no interruption. This preparatory work, however, if it has retarded 
the mere printing of the Scriptures, has not been without its advantages 
in improving the translation of them. In this department much progress 
has been made ; in addition to the New Testament, the translation of the 
Old is advanced nearly to the end of the prophet Ezekiel. 

In the Telinga language the New Testament is more than haff through 
the press. In the Bruj also the New Testament is printed nearly to the end 
of the epistle to the Romans.-— Three of the four Gospels are finished in 
the Pushtoo or Affghan language, the Bulochee,and the Assamese. Those 
in which St, Matthew is either finished, or nearly so, are the Kurnata, 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 



iheKunkuna,the Moo!tanee,the Sindhee, theKashmeer, the Bikaneer, 
the Nepal, the Ooduypore, the Marawar, the Jwypore, the Khassee, and 
the Burman languages. 

From this sketch, the present state of the translations may easily be 
seen. It w ill appear, that the whole of the Scriptures bave been pub- 
lished in two of the languages of India | the New Testament, the Penta- 
teuch, and the Historical books, in /our; the New Testament, and the 
Pentateuch, in five ; the New Testament alone in six ? four of the Gos- 
pels in eight; and three of them in twelve of the languages of India? 
while in twelve others, types are prepared^ and the Gospel of St. Matthew 
in the press. 

Having thus given a brief view of the present state of the various ver- 
sions, relative to both translating and printing, we now wish to lay be- 
fore the public a few ideas respecting the various languages spoken in 
India, of which the present advanced state of the work has put us in pos- 
session, but with which we were not fully acquainted at the beginning 
of the work. 

To those who examine, with a critical eye, the languages of India al= 
ready enumerated , it will appear, that they form two classes § those which 
owe their origin wholly to the Sungskrit, and those which have a certaii 
affinity with the Chinese in its colloquial medium, the only way indeed 
wherein any language can be connected with the Chinese, as its writ» 
ten medium stands distinct from every alphabetic language, its cha= 
racters being formed on a totally different principle. The mo nosy 11 a= 
bicsystem, however, with its tones, and the peculiar pronunciation of the 
Chinese colloquial medium known from its deficiency in certain sounds, 
have evidently so affected certain languages spoken near China, as t® 
alter the sound of many letters of the alphabet, and to give the Iasx= 
guages themselves, a cast of so peculiar a nature, as cannot be account- 
ed for without a reference to the Chinese system. Such is the case in va= 
rious degrees with the Siamese, the Burman, the Khassee, and the Tibet 
languages. That the Chinese language had either originated or greatly 
affected the languages in the vicinity of China, was more than suspected 
by us many years ago, as well as that a knowledge of Chinese would 
throw much light on these languages; which, added to its own intrinsic 
value, induced us to determine on commencing the study of this lan- 
guage as early as thirteen years ago. 

But it is to those languages which owe their origin to the Sungskrit, 
a class by far the most numerous, that we would now call the attention 
of the public. To give the Scriptures in these, after the acquisition 
of the Parent language, and one or two of the chief cognate branches, ap- 
peared, from the beginning, a work by no means involving insuperable • 
difficulties ; and our opinion relative to the importance of the object,, and 
the certainty with which it can be accomplished, is now by no means al- 
tered. But in our prosecution of it, we have found, that our ideas relative 
to the number of languages which spring from the Sungskrit were far 
from being accurate. The fact is, that in this point of view , India is to this 



4 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 

day almost an unexplored country. That eight or nine branches had sprung 
from that grand philological root, the Sungskrit, we well knew. But 
we imagined that the Tamul, the Kurnata, the Telinga, the Guzrattee, 
the Oi issa, the Bengalee, the Mahratta, the Punjabee, and the Hindoo- 
stanee, comprized nearly all the collateral branches springing from the 
Sungskrit language; and that a'l the rest were varieties of theHindee, 
and some of them indeed little better than jargons scarcely capable of 
conveying ideas. 

But although we entered on our work with these ideas, we were ulti- 
mately constrained to relinquish them. First, one language was found to 
differ widely from the Hindee in point of termination, then another, and 
in so great a degree, that the idea of their being dialects of the Hindee 
seemed scarcely tenable. Yet while they were found to possess termi- 
nations for the nouns and verbs distinct from the Hindee, they were 
found as complete as the Hindee itself; and we at length perceived, that 
we might with as much propriety term them dialects of the Mahratta, 
or the Bengalee language, as of theHindee. In fact, we have ascer- 
tained, that there are more than twenty languages, composed, it is true, of 
nearly the same words, and all equally related to the common parent, 
the Sungskrit, but each possessing a distinct set of terminations, and 
therefore having equal claims to the title of distinct cognate languages. 
Among these, we number the Juypore, the Brwj, the Ooduyapore, the 
Bikaneer, the Mooltanee, the Marawar, the Magudha, or South Bahar, 
the Sindh, the Myth/1, the Wuch, the Xtitch, the Harutee, the Kosbula, 
&c. languages, the very names of which have scarcely reached Europe, 
but which have been recognized as distinct languages, by the natives of 
India, almost from time immemorial. 

That these languages, though differing from each other only in their ter- 
minations, and a few of the words they contain, can scarcely be termed 
dialects, will appear, if we reflect, that there is in India no general lan- 
guage current of which they can be supposed to be dialects. The Sung- 
skrit, the parent of them all, is at present the current language of no 
country, though spoken by the learned nearly throughout India. Its 
grammatical apparatus too, the most copious and complex perhaps on 
earth, is totally unlike that of any of its various branches. To term 
them dialectsof the Hindee is preposterous, when some of them, in their 
terminations, approach nearer the Bengalee than the Hindee, while 
others approximate m,ore nearly to the Mahratta. The fact is, indeed, that 
the iatestand most exact researches have shewn, that the Hindee has no 
country which it can exclusively claim as its own. Being the language 
of the Musulman courts and camps, it is spoken in those cities and towns 
which have been formerly, or are now, the seat of Musulman princes; 
and in general by those Musnlmans who attend on the persons of Eu- 
ropean gentlemen in almost every part of India. Hence, it is the lan- 
guage of which most Europeans get an idea before any other, and which 
indeed in many instances terminates their philological researches. These 
circumstances have led to the supposition, that it is the language of the 
greater part of Hindoostani while the fact is, that it is not always un- 



THE T R A N S L A T 1 O N S. 5 

derstootl among the common peopleat the distance of only twenty miles 
from the great towns in which it is spoken, These speak their own ver- 
nacular language, in Bengal the Bengalee, and in other countries that 
which is appropriately the language of the country, which may account 
for a circumstance well known to those gentlemen who fill the judicial 
department, namely that the publishing of the Honourable Company's 
Regulations in Hindoostanee has been often objected to, on the ground 
that in that language they would be unintelligible to the bulk of the 
people in the various provinces of Hindoostan. Had this idea been fol- 
lowed up, it might have led to the knowledge of the fact, that each of 
these various provinces has a language of its own, most of them nearly 
alike in the bulk of the words, but differing so widely in the grammati- 
cal terminations, as, when spoken, to be scarcely intelligible to their 
next neighbours. 

We now proceed to particularize the various languages which are 
spoken in Hindoostan, including those in which, at the date of this me* 
moir, we had not commenced a translation, as well as those wherein a 
translation was then begun. In examining these languages, it will assist 
the reader if we give as a specimen the Lord's Prayer in each of them, not 
indeed in the Indian characters, but speltin one uniform method in Eng- 
lish letters. In these specimens, two things will deserve notice, the vari- 
ous Words including the pronouns, which constitute the identity pervad= 
ing these languages ; and the Terminations, which form the specific differ- 
ence between them. The pronouns in almost all these languages are ra- 
dically the same ; if we therefore select the Words which occur in the 
specimen of the Lord's Prayer in the Bengalee and Hindee languages, 
exclusive of the pronouns, and trace them in the other specimens, it will 
enable us to see how far these languages really agree, after which, any 
one who compares the specimens with each other, as diversified by their 
peculiar terminations, will be able to judge how far they form distinct 
languages. 

As the Bengalee is a leading language among those collateral branch- 
es which contain the greatest portion of Sungskrit, and the Hindee a 
leading language among those which admit a certain mixture of Persi- 
an words, it will greatly assist us in forming our judgment of the rest, if 
we carefully examine the Lord's prayer in these tw o languages first. In 
examining these, we find, that, independently of the pronoiras J they 
contain the following words ; 

B 



MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 



S Sthi 
lau) 





heaven, 
abiding. 

Father. 

name, 
hallowed, 
be re *arded. 
be. 

kingdom. 



Swurga, 
ha, 

hnewale 

b Nam, 
6 Pubitra, 

cManja-huoak, 
' I Howe* 
8 Rajya, 

Q CAgmon httook, coming be, 
" ^toe, come. 

10 - 

rTemun, 

11 ^Sei muta ? so. 
£ Tissa, 

n SP"thibee, the earth 

{Doomya 
■to Ustakriya, 

13 IKhatirkwa, 

14 Kurajaookj 

15 ^ 

$Nitya, 
AU IJeene-layak 



,- QBhukshya, 

17 IKhorak, 

18 " 



Deo. 
[Ebuogs, 

( Our, 
c Riodhar, 
iKurujdhar^ 
Mafkur, 

t ::.n., 

Pureeksha, 
Luoayio. 

' 

_ C Apud, 
' iBooraee 



19 



food, 
give 

and 

debtor. 

forgive, 
debt. 

temptation, trial, 
lead. 

not. 

but - [tural 
evil moral and na - 
evil. 



cPoritran k. deliver. 
lChhorawo t 

for. 



^ I Kyounki, 

q CvSuda-surbukhshune, ever* 
^ I Humes ha, always. 
Q1 C'hnkti, 

^IPurokrum, P° wer - 



< Gourub, 
IMahutum, S^ry, 



will 

be done. 

to day. 

constant, 
proper for life. 

In this list of words, where two are given to denote the same thing, the 
first word is that which occurs in the Bengalee specimen, and the other 5 
that in Italics, the word occurring in the Hindee specimen : w here only 
one is given, it is radically the same in both. 

The words in the Hindee specimen amount to thirty-two; but those 
in the Bengalee specimen are thirty-four, as two phrases are admitted to 
express the adverb so," temun and sei muta ; and two words, ebung and 
O to express the conjunction v ' and." Of the words in the Bengalee 
specimen, all are Sungskrit with the exception of ma/, forgive, which is 
a Persian word, but so common in Bengalee, that it would be nearly as 
fastidious to reject it on that account, as it would be in an English wri- 
ter to exclude the word character because it is pure Greek. Of the thir- 
ty-two words in the Hindejt specimen, about six are of Persian, or, more 
properly, of Arabic origin. The rest are either radically the same with 
the corresponding Bengalee terms, as jissa, tissa, &c. or they are Sung- 
skrit words which have obtained a greater degree of currency inHindee s 
than the corresponding Sungskrit words found in the Bengalee speci- 
men. This will be found to be the case in others of these cognate lan- 

Having thus given the words in the two leading languages, we proceed 
to examine the others, beginning from Kashmeer, the most northen pro- 
vince in Hindoostan, and taking the Western sidealong the Indus; then 
adverting to those spoken in the Middle provinces, from the Punjab to 
Bengal ; afterwards noticing the languages on the Eastern side of India, 
and finally, those spoken in the Decan (Dwkshina) or the South of In- 
dia. 



THE TRANSLATIONS. $ 

3. We begin with (hat of the Kashmeer. In the specimen of the Lord's 
prayer given in this language, the reader will find at least twenty-five of 
the thirty-two words given, radically the same with those occurring to. 
the Bengaleeand Hindee specimens; he will however find some of them 
considerably altered. Thus ruhnewule, he remaining, is changed to roo° 
jnvcali ; awe, come, to yiye ; rin, debt, to roon, &c. But beside these 
twenty-five words, several Sungskrit words occur which are. common in 
Bengalee, though not admitted into the Lord's prayer, as, of two or 
three synonymous expressions, one alone could be chosen. Such are fro» 
wiw, save, in Bengalee tarao ; pureechhay, trial, temptation; muhima t 
greatness. The vet b "huo,he," is here metamorphosed into chho. 

4. The next, proceeding eastward, is the Dogura, which is spoken in 
a mountainous country reaching from Kashmeer to Almoraon thenorth= 
west, and ending a little distance west of Hurdwar. Of the thirty-two 
words in the specimen, twenty Jive are radically the same, and used in 
precisely the same meaning. The vocative particle He is however 
changed to JE, and bap, is changed for bub. Several others of the word? 
also are Sungskrit, as busne, dwell, Bengalee, busun, to sit; jtUgut, the 
world, in Bengalee the same ; and pooklm^ temptation, probably the 
same with the Bengalee pureeksha. 

5. The next, as we proceed westward, is the Wuch ( the Ooch of Ar- 
row smith,) which country lies on the eastern bank of the Indus, and 
extends from the Punjab to Auch. Of the thirty-two w ords in the spe- 
cimen, twenty-six are radically those found in the Bengaleeand Hindee 
specimens ; but pita is changed to pioo and dena to dewun. If the whole 
specimen, however, be compared with that in its sister language, near> 
ly every word will be found to differ somewhat in sound from the cor- 
responding words therein, so that a Doogarese translation of the scrip- 
tures must be nearly unintelligible to a native of the Wuch country, and 
vice versa. 

6. Still farther west, on the banks of the Tndus, we come to the tract 
of country in which the Sindhee language is current ; which extends from 
the Wuch country to the shore opposite .Naryee. Of the thirty-two roots 
in the specimen, twenty-four agree either with the Bengalee or the Hin- 
dee ; several changes are made in the words, however, by the peculiar 
geni us of the language; thus pita, father, is pit ; jemutt, as, tejuhuta ; and 
temun, so, iuhuta ; churdeo, forgive, is chhudda $ and booraee, ei il, buck- 
line. 

1. Farther south, but adjoining this country , there is another language 
spoken, which we term the Southern Sindhee, and the terminations of 
which differ from the Sindhee just mentioned^ in almost every instance* 
Of the words in the Bengalee and Hindee specimens, twenty-four maj 
be traced in this as radically the same; but here bap, father, becomes 
bhabba ; jemun, as,jeena ; and temun, so, teena, Sic. Beside these twen- 
ty-four words, however, several Sungskrit words occur which are com- 
mon in Bengalee; thus bihun, residing, is the same with busun ; moonda„ 
evil, in Bengalee is munda 3 and prutapoo, energy, power, is the Ben- 
galee prutap. 



8 M EMOIPv RELATIVE TO 

8. The Kutch. Proceeding south-west, we come to the Kutch country, 
by Arrowsmith written " CutchJ" In the Kutch we can trace twenty- 
four words of those in the Bengalee and Hindee systems. Pita, however, 
here becomes pi; jemun^jtdo ; and temun, tedo. Khadya, is the Bengalee 
khadya, food, things which can be eaten. Compared with either the 
western or southern Sindh, or with the Wuch, the difference, asheard 
In conversation, will be found considerable. 

9. Proceeding southward, we come to the peninsula of Goojurat, which 
joins itself to the coast of Kutch. In the specimen of this language, no 
less than twenty-eight of the words can be traced which are found in the 
Bengalee and Hindee spec mens. Jemun, how ever, is changed to jeta } 
and temun to tela ; while booraee, evil, is metamorphosed into bhoondaee. 
The specimen, taken in the aggregate, diffeismuch from any of the fore- 
going. 

10. The Kunkuna. Where theGoojurattee ends, the Kunkuna language 
begins, which is spoken at Bombay, and thence up the coast as far as Goa. 
The Lord's prayer exhibits ( wenty-five of the words occurring in the Ben- 
galee and Hindee specimens; but, beside these, there are several Sung- 
skrit words which assume nearly the same form as they have in Benga- 
lee. Thus bhooyi, the earth, is common in the latter language; kelle, done, 
is from kri, to do; khawche, food, from khao, eat; and keerti, renown 2 
glory, is the same in Bengalee. 

These eight languages will be found to extend in succession, from the 
north of India to the south-west extremity, where the Tamul begins. 
We now return to the North, and beginning with the Punjabee, trace 
those languages which are spoken in the middle provinces, extending in 
a south-east direction from the Punjab to Bengal. 

11. The Punjabee. The first of these is the Punjabee,or the languageof 
the Shikhs, of w hich we have published a concise grammar. This language 
extends through the Punjab, or the country of the five rivers.* The 
country is bounded by the Indus on the west, while on the east it reaches 
toLoodianaor Sirhend. In the specimeu given of this language, the rea- 
der will find thirty of the w ords occurring in the Bengalee and Hindee 
specimens: but instead of jemun, as, he will find jispurkar, which is form- 
ed from the Hindeejis, w hat, and the Bengalee prukar, manner. 

12. The Bikaneer. Proceeding south ward , we come to the Bika- 
neer language, which on the west extends to the territory in which the 
Wuch is spoken. In the Lord's prayer, as given in this language, the 
reader may identify twenty-nine of the words found in the Hindee and 
Bengalee. He will also find sunsar for the world, or the earth ; and but 
for strength, both which are Sungskrit words, occurring in the same 
sense in Bengalee . 

13. The Marawar. South-west of the Bikaneer country lies that 
wherein the Mai .war language is spoken. The Lord's prayer in this lan- 
guage exhibits twenty-eight of the thirty-two words particularized in the 

* From punj, Jive, and ab, water* 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 



9 



Bengalee and Hindee specimens. Mophik, manner, and jor, power, 
are also words well known in Bengalee and Hindee. 

14. The Juya-poora territory begins where the Marawar ends. In the 
Lord's prayer, as given in this language, the reader may trace twenty- 
nine of the words found in the Bengalee and Hindee specimens. Buncha 
will, and pruja, the inhabitants of the earth, are also common in Ben- 
galee. 

15. The Ooduya-poora. South of the Marawar territory lies that in 
which the Ooduypore language is spoken. The Lord's prayer in this 
language contains twenty-eight of the roots found either in the Hindee 
or the Bengalee specimens. It also contains a few words common in 
Bengalee ; among which are, Icarjo , for debt. Xhamuna, for will, desire, 
is a corruption of the Persian lchatirkhwa; and lenadhar, for debtor,giver, 
is probably the Bengalee word denadhar. 

16. The Harutee. East of Ooduypore, the Harutee language is spok- 
en ; which though current in a territory so near the Ooduypore and the 
Bruj, differs greatly from them both. In the specimen of the Lord's 
prayer in this language, the reader may easily identify twenty-two of the 
words mentioned in the Bengalee and Hindee specimens; and of the 
other words several may be traced to similar words in Bengalee : oojul, 
here used for hallowed, in Bengalee means bright, illustrious $jumee t 
the earth, is a Persian word common in Bengal ; pekshya, bread or food, 
is bhuksya in Bengalee; denan, debt, is the Bengalee dena; and jus, glo- 
ry, is the same in Bengalee. Bugus, gratuitously forgive, is from the 
Persian buksheedun, to give, whence bukshees, common in both Benga- 
lee and Hindee. 

17. The Maluwa. South of Ooduypore lies Maluwa, the Malva of 
Arrowsmith. The capital of this province is the city of Oojjein, renowned 
in Indian history as the royal seat of Vikrumaditya, Bhoja, and other 
sovereigns of note. It was formerly a principal seat of Hindoo litera- 
ture and philosophy. In the Lord's prayer, as given in this language, the 
reader will be able to trace about twenty of the words occurring in the 
Bengalee and Hindee specimens; but many of the rest are Sungskrit 
words frequently occurring in Bengalee, as sutyulvk, heaven ; sovdha? 
holy, pure ; pran-rukhwa, from pronrukha, perservation of life bhyayka^ 
from bhay, expense ; jugut, the world; apurunchi, and ; dhurma-roop 
prubha, splendor, glory, &c. 

18. The Bruj. Around Agra is spoken the Bruj language, which 
extends quite to the Vindya mountains. Of the words in the Lord's 
prayer, the reader will find twenty-eight correspond with those occur- 
ring either in the Bengalee or Hindee specimens, and two or three 
Sungskrit words of frequent recurrence in Bengalee, though not used in 
the Lord's prayer : snch are bhojun, for bread or food ; khema-kuro, in 
the sense of forbear or forgive. Dhurtee, for the earth, is a word well 
known in Hindee. 

19. Bundelkhund, or Brihmunda-khunda, lies due west of Allahabad, 
and occupies the banks of the Jumna from Mow to Kulpee. This lan- 

C 



10 MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 

guage meets the Mai \va language on the west, the Bruj on (he north, and 
the Mahratta on the south. The specimen of the Lord's prater given, 
contains twenty-five of the words found in the Bengalee and Hindee spe- 
cimens. Pooni, and; yog, worthy; and sunsar, the world, are also found 
therein. 

20. The Mahratta. Notwithstanding so great part of the sacred ora- 
cles is already published in this language, it may not be improper to add 
a specimen of the Mahratta here, as it begins where the Bundelkhund 
and Malwa end. In this specimen of the Lord's prayer the readermay 
trace twenty-nine oi the words in the Bengalee and Hindee, and there are 
several of the remaining words which are used in Bengalee, such as 
ksherna, forgive, just mentioned ; poruntoo, but, &c. 

21. The Magudha. The Magudha is the language of South Bahar: it 
begins where the Mahratta language ends, and extends nearly to the 
banks of the Ganges. In the Lord's prayer given in this language, the 
reader may identify twsnty-four of the words found in (he Bengalee and 
Hindee specimens. Several of the others also are Sungskrit words fre- 
quently recurring in Bengalee: thussuws^r, the earth, the world, is the 
same in Bengalee ; khiwawa, food, is the substantive of the verb fchawan, 
cause to e it; and prubhootia, power, is evidently an abstract noun from 
prubhoo, Lord. 

These eleven languages occupy the middle provinces of India, which 
extend from Kashmeer to Bengal. We now come to those on the north- 
east side of India, among which, one of the first is, 

22. The North Koshala. This language is spoken in the country to 
the north east of Oude, or Uyodhya, the country famous among the Hin- 
doos for havinggiven birth to Koushulyu, the mother of Rama. In the 
specimen given of this language, the reader may trace twenty- seven of the 
words found in the Bengalee and Hindee specimens; and nearly all 
tne remaining words are pure Sungskrit; such are ichcha-poorbuk, for 
will; sunsar, the world, already mentioned ; yogya, worthy, proper; 
ahnr, food ; udkurm, evil, unholiness, with some others. 

23. The Mitkiles. Proceeding south-east, we come to the province 
of Mithilee orTirhool, which is also esteemed classic ground among 
the Hindoos, because deemed the birth place of Seeta, Junuka her father 
being reputed the king of this country. On the south it abuts on the most 
northern province- of Bengal, and northward it extends to the kingdom 
of Nepal. In the specimen given of this language, the reader may trace 
twenty of the radical words given in the Bengalee and Hindee specimens; 
but among the rest there are several which have been already mention- 
ed as Sungskrit words common in Bengal ; as sunsar, the world ; yogya, 
proper; khaek, food, irom khau, eat; mudi/a, in ; puruntoo, but, &c 

24. The Nepal. Turning to the nonh-east, we come to the kingdom 
of Nepal, the language of which, termed bv the natives the Kash-poora 
language, is evidently a branch from the same parent stock as those 
already mentioned. In the Lord's prayer the reader will find no less 
than twenty-nine of the words which occur in the Bengalee and Hindee 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 11 

specimens. Bap, father, he will however find metamorphased into 
baboo: and for the earth he will find the word log, people,, which occurs 
both in Sungskrit and Bengalee in nearly the same sense : thus teen lok, 
means the three worlds, heaven, earth, and Patal. 

25. The Assamese. Still farther east lies the kingdom of Assam. In 
the specimen exhibited of ihis language may be traced twenty-nine of 
the words found in the Bengalee and Hindee specimens : khabur, food, 
also, is derived from Ichao, eat. While it assimilates more with the Ben- 
galee language, however, than most of those already mentioned, its ter- 
minations still render it a different language. 

Having thus taken a view of the languages on the West, in the Middle, 
and on the East side of India, it may now be proper to add specimens 
also of those in the Decan (Dukshina), or the countries to the South of 
Bengal, iu which we are engaged ; which are three. 

26. The Orissa or Oot-kul. This language is almost identically the 
same with the Bengalee, while it still possesses different terminations, 
and even a different character. In the specimen of the Lord's prayer 
given, the reader will be able to trace thirty-one of the words which oc- 
cur in the Bengalee specimen ; he will also find kshema used in the sense 
of "forgive." But notwithstanding the close affinity which it has to the 
Bengalee, its peculiar terminations cause the whole specimen to differ 
much in sound from that given iu the latter language. 

27. The Telinga. Bordering on Orissa we come to the Telinga language. 
In the specimen of the Lord's prayer given in this and the Kurnata lan- 
guage, the reader can easily trace the link of connexion subsisting between 
nearly all these descended from the Sungskrit. In the Lord'* prayer, as 
given in thislanguage, he may trace at \east fifteen of the wordsspecified 
in the Bengalee specimen; he will however find the Sungskrit cheyya, 
done, used instead of kura. Bhoomi, the earth, is another Sungskrit word 
common in Bengalee. 

28. The Kurnata. This language commences w here the Telinga ends, 
and meets the M thr attaon one side, and the Goojuratee on the other. 
In this specimen can be traced no less than sixteen of the words which 
appear in that given in Bengalee, though so much disguised b\ the dif- 
ference of termination; prukash, appear, is also precisely the same in 
Bengalee. For kuro. do, the reader will find mora. 

We have now traced twenty-eight languages derived from the Sung- 
skrit; and if to these we add the Tamul and the iVJalayalim, we shall find 
thirty collateral branches springing from one philological root, the whole 
of which, with the exception of the Telinga and the Kurnata, and one 
or two others, will be found to have nearly nine tenths of the words in 
common with each other, most of them the same pronouns, and all of 
them the same mode of construction. 

It may, however, be proper to add, that w hile the languages of the 
South peninsula derive at least one half of the words they contain, im- 
mediately from ihe Sungskrii, (hey aresupposed to derive a great part 
if not the whole of the remainder from another source, which certain of 



\ 



!§ MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 

our learned friends at Madras suppose to be the language often term- 
ed the High Tamul. 

We might here close the investigation of these languages ; but it has 
occurred to us since we began the examination, that it would not be im- 
proper to add specimens of the Lord's Prayer in the languages to the 
West and the East of India, in which we are engaged, as these will clear- 
ly mark where the Sungskrit family ends. Thus the Pushtoo, or Affghan 
language, on the west, has evidently too small a proportion of Sungskrit 
words to render a comparison between the two specimens at all practi- 
cable, and the Bulochee specimen is scarcely less remote from the Sung- 
skrit; while the Khassee language, to the east of Bengal, seems quite as 
far removed from the Sungskrit, as the Pushtoo on the west; and the Bur- 
man language still decreases in point of affinity to that ancient philologi- 
cal parent. But this will be seen more clearly from an examination of 
the specimens in each of these languages. 

29. The Pushtoo or Affghan. This language, as has been stated in 
a former memoir, is spoken beyond the Indus, by a people respecting 
w hom, perhaps, a greater probability appears on the side of their being 
descended from the ten tribes of Israel, than can be urged relative to any 
other nation. O when shall they begin to " return, going and weep- 
ing" — when shall they begin " to seek the Lord their God !"* In the 
Lord's prayer, as given in this language, although nearly half the words 
are familiar to us through their being current in Bengalee and Hindee, 
yet scarcely four of them can be traced to the Sungskrit language. It 
is therefore evident that here the languages derived from the Sungskrit 
end on the western side of India, which idea will be confirmed by our 
recurring to, 

30. The Bulochee. This language is spoken on the western banks 
of the Indus, the Bulochee nation extending westward to Persia. The 
specimen of the Lord's prayer given in this language, contains scarce- 
ly more Sungskrit words than that in the Pushtoo; the words therein 
which are familiar in Bengalee and Hindee, about one half, become 
thus through the medium of the Persian, from which this language bor- 
rows so largely. To look for any language beyond this westward, as de- 
rived from the Sungskrit, were a fruitless research. We now turn to the 
east side of India. 

31. The Khassee. This language is spoken by a small nation to the 
east of Silhet, who inhabitthe mountains extending from Silhet nearly to 
the borders of China. In this specimen three or four Sungskrit words may 
be traced, but so disguised by the monosyllables prefixed or added to 
them, that they are not easily recognized ; while the pronouns gna, I, 
fee, thou, kee, they ; and the frequent recurrence of thesyllables ming> 
eig, ung, &c. plainly indicate its distant affinity with the Chinese mono- 
syllabic system, however widely it differs from it in its present state. 

32. The Burman language. This language has borrowed the Sung- 
skrit alphabet, in which it is now constantly written. But notwithstand- 
ing this, scarcely three Sungskrit words can be descried in the specimen 

* See Jer. chap. i. 4, 5. 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 



it 



given. Syllables, however, which accord with those in the Chinese col- 
loquial system, are to be found in abundance; and indeed the language 
adopts two of the four Chinese tones. We here find the Sungskrit ar- 
rested in its progress eastward therefore, and constrained to lend its al- 
phabet—to do litde more than clothe and express another system, said, by 
those who have studied it most closely, to be originally monosyllabic, 
and which still retains tones completely foreign to, the Sungskrit system. 
The languages which spring from the Sungskrit therefore, evidently form 
a whole of themselves, and taken together, constitute a philological fa- 
mily, which for number and close resemblance to each other, can scarce- 
ly be paralleled. 

Both although this variety of languages gives to the work in.which we 
are engaged, a highly formidable appearance, since they almost con- 
fuse themind by theirnumber, the difficulty will be found more apparent 
than real, particularly when they are taken singly as they occur. With a 
previous knowledge of the mode of construction, and nine tenths of the 
words. in any one language, the study of it can scarcely deserve the 
name of labor. The peculiar terminations being once familiarized, 
(scarcely a hundred in any one of those languages,) the language is al- 
ready understood. Nothing remains dark and uncertain to discourage the 
pursuit; and the gradual acquisition of four or five hundred words, the 
tenth of as many thousands, the general number of words in these lan- 
guages, has little in it that requires hard study. It will be evident, there- 
fore, that to a person already acquainted with Sungskrit, Bengalee, and 
Hindee, the acquisition of ten of these languages will cost scarcely the 
labor of acquiring one language totally new to him, as it will be merely 
that of familiarizing himself with less than five thousand words, a labor 
performed by every one who adds to Latin a knowledge of Greek ; a la- 
bor certainly far inferior to that of committing to memory five thousand 
Chinese characters, each describing a different idea by ?l different com- 
bination of strokes, and far, very far less than that involved in the pre- 
vious acquisition of the Hindee, Beugalee, and Sungskrit languages. 

But much as any two of these languages may approximate, the termi- 
nations, though in few instances exceeding a hundred, are so often re- 
peated in discourse, that a language formed of the same radical woids, 
will, when spoken, be scarcely intelligible to one of a neighbouring pro- 
vince. This will be evident from an example: the Mahratta specimen 
of the Lord's Prayer ha-< twenty-nine out of its thirty-two words agreeing 
with the Bengalee ; but of the hundred and nineteen syllables which it 
contains, no less than fifty-nine will be found to differ in sound from those 
in the Bengalee specimen ; so that while the languages have nearly the 
same words in common with each other, in discourse only one half of the 
sounds convey the same idea, and the other half, (i. e. the terminations) 
so disguise these, as to render the whole nearly unintelligible. This will 
notappear strange, when it is considered, thatthe radical words, and the 
pronouns, which are nearly alike in all the languages, convey the idea 
in its unmodified state ; but, whether it be that of a thing, a quality, or 

D 



1*4 



MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 



an action ; and it the former, whether it be singular or plural ; if the lafc- 
ler, whether it be affirmed or denied, advised, commanded, or forbidden, 
must be learnt from the different terminations, w hich convey the idea to 
them nd, with the various shadesof meaning nicely discriminated. Hence 
languages unintelligible for want of an acquaintance with the termina- 
tions, become plain and clear when these are acquired. 

From this it will appear, that while those who speak these cognate lan- 
guages, varied as they are by their different terminations, are almost un- 
in!elligible to each other, a few persons, acquainted with Sungskrit, and 
the leading cognate languages, familiar with Indian grammar, and the 
principles on which the permutation of letters is founded, may, with lit- 
tle difficulty, obtain that knowledge of these languages, which to those 
unacquainted therewith might seem almost unattainable ; and by a dili- 
gent improvementof nativetalent and knowledge, if the means for print- 
ing are furnished, compress into a few years what might seem otherwise 
the work of ages, and accelerate the general introduction of Christia- 
nity into India, possibly by half a century. 

In the method we pursue, however, this labor, if not actually short- 
ened, is ;it least greatly facilitated. It is a well known fact, that one 
to whom a language is vernacular, can in general express an idea there- 
in with a degree of perspicuity and neatness, scarcely attainable by a fo- 
reigner in a long period of years. Of this we became early sensible 
from repeated trials in Bengalee. We have long observed, that on com- 
municating an idea to a learned Bengalee, with a wish that he would ex- 
press it in his own way, he has done it in a mannerso clear and expres- 
sive, that while we could fully comprehend the forceof every word em- 
ployed, we have found it almost impossible to express it with equal force 
and freedom ourselves. It therefore occurred to us, that if, to this free- 
dom and forceof expression, strict accuracy could be united, aversion 
of the scriptures might, in a very few years, be produced in the various 
cognate languages of India, superior to what might be expected possibly 
in halfa century from a man'sgoing into each of these countries, sitting 
down to acquire the language ab origine, and then forming the style of a 
translation himself with the stiffnessand baldness for many years inse- 
parable from a man's writing in a foreign language. We therefore first 
made the trial in one or two of the languages with which we were most 
familiar, and finding it succeed beyond our expectation, we extended 
it to others. The process of the work is nearly as follows : 

On engaging a pundit in one of these cognate languages, after having 
examined and ascertained his qualifications, we give him an approved 
version of the Scriptures in a language with which he is well acquaint- 
ed, fox most of the pundits we employ, while good Sungskrit scholars, are 
also acquainted with at least one or two of the cognate languages of In- 
dia beside their own vernacular tongue, and some of them with three 
or four. Then placing him among two or three other pundits who have 
been for years employed with us, we direct him to express the ideas he 
finds there in his own vernacular idiom with the utmost care and exacts 
Bess, and to ask questions wherever he finds it necessary. Meantime tUf 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 



15 



grammatical terminations, and the peculiarities of the language, are ac- 
quired, possibly by the lime he has,finisbed the first gospel. The work of 
revision is then begun with the pundit. This at first proceeds exceeding- 
ly slow, as nothing is suffered to go to press till fully understood and ap- 
proved, and in some instances the alterations made are so numerous as 
to leave little of the first copy standing. This revision is however of the 
highest value, as the discussions which it originates, both lay open the lan- 
guage to us, and the sense of the original to the pundit. As we ad vance, 
we proceed with increased ease and pleasure, and seldom go through the 
fourth gospel, without feeling ourselves on firm ground relative to the 
faithfulness and accuracy of the version. Thus a first version of the New 
Testament is produced, not inferior in accuracy, and far superior in point 
of style and idiom, to the first version of the Bengalee New Testament, 
the product of seven years' severe labor and study. The Old Testament 
becomes still more easy; and the knowledge and experience acquired 
in bringing the first edition of the Scriptures through the press, form no 
contemptible preparation for the revision of a second edition of the New 
Testament. 

The Printing of these versions is highly important, as for want of the 
means to print them, versions have often lain almost useless, and in some 
instances may have been lost. In this part of the work we been favored 
with such assistance, that we have types ready for printing in almost eve- 
ry one of these languages. Some of them have a peculiar character of 
their own, as the Orissa, the Kashmeer, the Wuch, the Goojuratee, &c. 
In the greater part of them, however, the Deva-nagree is familiar to most 
of those who can read, and as this alphabet is perfectly complete, while 
some of the local alphabets are greatly deficient, it seems desirable to 
extend the Deva-nagree as widely as possible. It would indeed great- 
ly facilitate the progress of knowledge, if it could have that extension 
given it in India, which the Roman alphabet has obtained in Europe. 
This we wish if possible to promote ; and hence, though we have cast 
several founts of types in the local characters for the use of those who 
now read these alone ; yet as many prefer the Nagree, it is our design 
ultimately to publish an edition of most of these in the Nagree charac- 
ter. 

That the labor is not lost which is thus employed in giving the Scriptures 
in a language, though spoken by not more than two millions of people, as 
is probably the case with some of these, must be obvious to all who areac- 
quainted with the state of things in the British Isles. The value of this has 
been demonstrated in Wales, where the word of God, being translated 
into the vernacular language of that small principality, has, age after 
age, brought forth fruit in the most abundant manner. This, however, it 
could scarcely have done in the same degree, had the Welsh been left to 
derive all their knowledge of the scriptures from the English language, 
although it is the language of their nearest neighbours, and spoken in a 
certain degree among themselves. The importance of this will further 
appear, if we, on the other hand, consider the state of things in Ireland, in 
the vernacular language of which, the Scriptures, if wholly translated and 



M EMOIR RELATIVE TO 



printed, have never yet been circulated to any extent ; and to this very 
day we find the inhabitants, under a splendid and numerous protestant 
establishment, which conducts worship in the English language, almost 
as ignorant of the Scriptures as the Hindoos themselves. The expenseand 
labor which have been so commendably applied within these few years 
past to the completion of a Gaelic version of the Scriptures, though that 
language is far less extensive than any ofthe Indian languages, serve fur- 
ther to shew the value of the object before us*. 

The importance of thus preparing versions of the Scriptures, in all these 
languages, if possible, will further appear, if we consider the ease with 
which the gospel may be introduced by any missionary into one of these 
provinces when this is once effected. A missionary who may, in some fu- 
ture period, wish to carry the gospel thither, may not possess that turn of 
mind which would enable him to sit down with delight to so arduous a 
work as the translation of the Scriptures — he may not possess that know- 
ledge of the originals which such a work requires ;— or he may not have a 
press at hand to print the Scriptures when translated — or funds to meet the 
expense: — but devoid ofall these, with the Scriptures in his hand already 
translated, he can begin proclaiming thje glad tidings of mercy to perish- 
ing sinners ; yea, the very perusal of the Scriptures, with care and dili- 
gence, will be to him both grammar and dictionary, in the acquisition of 
the language. 

Nor when the Scriptures are thus translated, will a European missiona- 
ry be in every instance requisite for the purpose of introducing the gospel 
into these provinces. A brother born and raised up in India, or even a 
Hindoo convert, though incapableof translating the Scriptures, may ac- 
quire the local character, if different from his own, go among his border- 
ing neighbours, and quickly attain a language so nearly allied to his 
own. Thus several of our brethren born in Bengal, are now employed in 
Hindoostan ; and not only have brethren Kerr, Thompson, and Peter, na- 
tives of Calcutta, carried the gospel into various parts of India; but our 
brother Krishnoo-das, whose memory is precious among us, took the Oo- 
rissaNew Testament, went into that country, learned the language, and 
labored there with brother Peter, till arrested in his career by that 
sickness which at length conducted him to his Father's house above. 

The Expense of giving a version in each of these languages is also far 
from being great. Our experience in the work of translating and print- 
ing enables us at this time to judge pretty correctly respecting the ex- 
penseof one of these versions : and we think, that, ingeneral, now types 
are prepared, and all things are ready for the work, the expense of pun- 
dit's wages for translating the New Testament, and bringing it through 
the press, and that of printing a thousand copies, including types, paper, 
&c. will be little more than four thousand rupees, or s£500; which sum 
we think will both secure a version in almost any one of these langua- 
ges, and an edition of a thousand copies; a number sufficient to convey 
the knowledge ofthe gospel into any one of these provinces, as well as to 
secure the translation against the possibility of being lost. A second 
edition of three or four thousand copies will* of course, come for about a 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 



17 



rupee each copy. Thus then Five Hundred Pounds w ill almost secure 
the gospel's being given to any one of the provinces of India ; and were 
any friend either in his life time, or in his will, to devote five hundred 
pounds to this purpose, the effect of it might continue operating from 
generation to generation till time itself shall be no more. Were we to 
include the whole of the Scriptures in one of these languages, the ex- 
pense could be ascertained with equal ease. The Old Testament is to 
the JSew as seven to twenty-five, that is, it contains more than thrice, but 
less than four times the quantity of the New. Two Thousand Pounds there- 
fore, would now defray the expense of translating the whole of the Sa- 
cred Oracles into almost any one of these cognate languages, and of 
printing a first edition of a thousand copies. 

It is from a view of these circumstances, that we have been induced t© 
improve to the utmost those advantages which we possess for carrying 
forward the w ork. It is true, that at the date of (his memoir, we had 
not begun the translation of the Scripture in eight or nine of these lan- 
guages, as the Southern Sindh, the Kutch, theMarawar, theMalwa, the 
jVlagudha, the North-Khoshula, and the Mithilee. But whoever will 
refer to the Specimens of the Lord's Prayer in these, and reflect on the 
ease with which they can be added to the rest, will not wonder, if we 
candidly acknowledge, that should Divine Providence spare our lives, 
and continue to us the advantages now enjoyed, it is not our intention 
to stop till every province and district throughout India shall have the 
word of God in its own vernacular tongue. For granting, that to ac- 
quire the remaining tenth cf the words in these dialects, may be diffi- 
cult to persons advanced in years, it will appear evident to those who 
duly reflect on the subject, that it will be still more difficult for others 
hereafter, who may be totally new to the work, to acquire, through the 
medium of the Sungskrit and the chief collateral tongues, an accurate 
knowledge of the other nine tenths of the words in these languages, 
together with that experience in the work of translation, which can 
only result from many years' acquaintance therewith. Convinced 
therefore that, at our time of life, we cannot serve our generation more 
effectually in any other way, it is our determination, as far as the Lord 
shall enable us, to devote the remainder of our days to labouring there-' 
in ourselves, and to the training of others to the work, who may carry 
it forward when we are laid in the grave. 

It may not be improper to mention the exertions which certain of our 
brethren are already making for the sake of farther forwarding this 
work. The labors of brother Chamberlain in the Bruj version have 
been already mentioned ; and though at present removed from the spot 
on which that language is spoken, he has continued his study of the lan- 
guage, and hasinthelastfew months prepared the greater part of the New 
Testament for the press. — Brother Robinson at Java has made so great 
a progress in the Malay spoken at Batavia, that the Literary Society, af- 
ter examining his version of St. Matthew therein, have requested him to 
proceed in the work of translation, and, as atoken of respect, have elect- 
ed him a member of their own body.— Brother Clmter, at Ceylon, has 

E 



MEMOIR RELATIVE TO 



put to press a Grammar of the Cingalese language, which is approved 
and encouraged by those gentlemen ihere who are most conversant w ith 
the language ; and he writes, that he hopes ere long to be enabled to ren- 
der some assistance in the Cingalese translation of the scriptures. — Bro- 
ther Trowt, now settled at Samarang, is applying with great industry 
and success to the Javanese language with a view lo a translation of the 
Scriptures; and has it in comtemplation to send us a copy of the Java- 
nese alphabet, that we may prepare a fount of tyes. — Brother Judson 
too, at Rangoon, is apply ing with great assiduity to the Burman lan- 
guage, with the view of ultimately assisting in the same good and im- 
portant work. 

Of tiie state of our Funds, dear brethren, it is proper that w e should 
put you in possession. In addition to the balance we had in hand, at the 
date of the last memoir, w e have received Four Thousand Rupees, the 
moiety of the sum which the Corresponding Committee had in haud at 
the end of the \ ear 1814, and which w as voted us at their half yearly 
meeting held in July 1814; for which sum we beg you to offer the Bi- 
ble Society our most cordial thanks. — We are also indebted to the benefi- 
cence of the American Board of Commissioners, for a farther sum of Sicca 
JLupees 1156, which they have kindly remitted us this year. And a be- 
quest* from America claims our particular notice, as it is the first of the 
kind with which the Translation Fund has been favoured. 

These sums, however, leave only a balance in hand of 1212 Rupees, 
-which sum is far more than absorbed in the versions now in the press. 
For all the wages of the Pundits, therefore, and the expense of the ver- 
sions, wc have to borrow money as we are able, till we receive new 
supplies from yon, and the supporters of the work in Britain and Ameri- 
ca ; which sum, if itbe that required for the whole year, will amount to 
nearly Four Thousand Pounds ; for the wages of the Pundits which we, 
relying on thf liberality of the public, have engaged, in the different 
language-, amount to 1200 Rupees monthly, or £ 1800 annually ; and 
the printing of the different versions will amount to full two thousand 
pounds more. 

W. CAREY, 

March 21, 1816. J- MARSHMAN, 

W. WARD. 

* This, is a bequest by Miss Rebecca Cox of which 
and oilier lixecutors have kindly and generously rt, 
legally due, from the interest they take in the work i 



i Robert Ralstone, Esq. 
milled to us before it wu& 
[t is intended to forward.. 



THE TRANSLATIONS. 



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APPENDIX, 



This Appendix contains specimens of (he Lord's Prayer, and the two 
principal tenses of the verb " to be," in thirty-four languages. It was 
originally intended to confine these specimens to the cognate languages 
derived from the Sungskrit which are given here, twenty-eight in num- 
ber; but it was supposed that the insertion of the specimens in the 
Pushtoo and Bulochee, the Khassee and the Burman languages, would 
serve to illustrate the subject by shewing both, westward and eastward, 
where the Sungskrit language ceases to influence others ; the Pushtoo and 
.Bulochee languages to the west of Hindoostan appearing to differ as 
widely from the cognate languages of Sungskrit origin, as the Khassee 
and Burman to the east. A specimen of the Lord's Prayer in Sungskrit 
seemed also desirable : we have therefore added two, the first is (hat 
which stands printed in the Gospels, while the second specimen includes 
every Sungskrit word found in the Bengalee specimen. The Sungskrit 
of this is equally pure with that of the other ; but the words thus become 
the basis of the various cognate languages, are perhaps less in use than 
those which compose the first Sungskrit specimen. Such indeed is the 
copiousness of that language, that ten specimens of the Lord's prayer 
might be given in it, all equally pure, but all different from each other. 
To close the whole, a specimen of the Lord's prayer is added in Chinese, 
not as a document to illustrate any fact, but merely because to some it 
may be pleasing to see the Lord 's prayer in this language added to the 
rest. This makes the number of languages in which the Lord's prayer 
is exhibited, thirty-four, and the number of the specimens, thirty- five. 



The Sungskrit language. 

The Present and Past Tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Singular. Plural. 
J7humu s; m/,* I am. Vwyurng smus, We are. 

TwMmiisi, thou art. Yooyung smus, ye are. 

T« wsti, he is. Te swnti, they are. 

Past. 

asung, I was. — asma, We were. 

asees, thou wast. — — asta, ye were. 

aseet, he was. aswm, they were. 

* Separated, Uhung-usni, twung-usi. The Sungskrit verb has the Dual 
number also ; but as the other languages have it not, it is omitted in the, 
Siungskrt. F 



APPENDIX. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
He swwrgwstliasmutpitus, tuwa nam pztvishywte, twva tajyumugu- 
chchhutoo kriyate, titvestwng ywtha swMrge twtha pritluyang. Us- 
makung jeevanarlutng bhwkshitmjismwbhyMmw dya dehi, wsmakumrin- 
Mmztsman khwmapwya yittiia vuyumusm dkumudhuruumnrm'dn khttmap u- 
yama, Msman pwreekshayang nia nwy«, kintwwsman mwndanmochw- 
ya, yitto rajywng pwrakr^mo mahatwywncha s«rv?<da twviva. A- 
men. 

Another specimen. 
He nos swurgustha pitws, twva nam pwvitrung manyutang, yutha 
swurge twtha prithivyang tuveshtung knyutang, wdyasman nityte 
b Iim ksh y u mu s m w b h y itn g dehi, ywthavwyMng swwrindhritavttttts kstot- 
mwmtthe twthasmwdrmwng kshi(rowsw</, pwreekshayamMsman ma mt- 
ya, apwdwstWMsman ptmtrabi ywta asiuvwkshmiwng rajyw shwkti 
gourwvapi tuva. Amin. 

No. 1. The Bengalee language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 



Sing. 
Ami aclihi, I am. 
Toomi achho, thou art. 
Se achhe, he is. 



Present. 

Plur. 

Amra achhi, We are, &e. 
Toomra achho. 
Se achhe. 



Past. 

■ chhilam, I was. chhilam, We were, See. 

chhila, thou wast. chhila. 

chhilo, he was. ■ chhila. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He amarder swwrgwstha pita, tomar nam pi«bitra manyet ht/ook, 
tomar rajyer agmwn Iruook, jemun swwrge temwn prithibeete tomar 
istakriya kwra jaook. Udya amarder nitya bhwkshya amardigke deo, 
ebung jemwn amra apnarder rindhareerdigke maf kuri seiy muta am- 
arder rin maf kwra, ebitng amardigke pwrikshya, lwoyaiyo na kintoo 
amardigke apwdtmite pwritran kwra, kenwna s«da stubwkshime rajya 
o shwkti o gourwb tomar. Amen. 



APPENDJX, 



23 



No. 2. The Hindee. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 

Present. , 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Mm boon, I am. Hum hin, We are, &c. 

Toon hi, thou art. Toom ho. 

Wahhi, he is. We hi. 

Past, 

tha, I was. the, We were, &c. 

tha, thou wast. the. 

tha, he was. the. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
I sarugmen rithnewale hwmoke bap, tera iram pwvittwr howe, te- 
ra raj awe, tere khatirkhwah swrugmerc jisa tisa dooniyamen ki- 
ya jawe. Hwmonke jeene layuk khorak aj lumioko dewo, our hu- 
moka rin hwmoko maf kwro jisa ham wpne k?mtjdaronko maf kur- 
te hin, our pwreekshamera hi*monko mut lewo, lekin booraeesen 
hwraowko chhorawo, kyounki raj our pwrakritm our muhatttm hume- 
sha tere. hira. Amen. 



No. 3. The Kashraeera language. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be. 5 ' 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Bo chhos, I am. Asi chhye, We are, &c. 

Choo chhok, thou art. Toohi chhiw. 

Soo chho, he is. Ti m chhye. 

Past. 

• asoos, I was. asi, We were, &e. 

asook, thou wast, asiw. 

as, he was. — _ as j. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
Hiswurgwndar roojzmwalisaiimali; toohwndoo nam puvitraswmpni, 
toohundoo raj yiye, toohi khaterkhah swwrgus undur yesoo dhurtee 
wndttr kwran yiye. Use jorws* laywk khorwk wsi aj deytw, bhiya 
saroo roon use maph kwriw, yisoo use punwrnn kunijdrfrtra maph 
kwran chhoo bhiya use pwreechhay wndur muh heyiw, lekin boo- 
raeeyanish trwwiw, kanji raj bhiya parakrum bh/ya midiima Iim- 
mesh toohi cbhow. Amen. 



APPENDIX. 



No. 4. The Dogura language. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 



Sing. 
Mooj hi, I am. 
Tooj hi, thou art. 
Oo hi, he is. 

■ sa, I was. 

as, thou wast. 

sa, he was. 



Present. 



Past. 



Plur. 

Moojwa he, We are, &c. 
Toojwa he- 
Oonha he. 

se, We were, &c. 

se. 

— se. 



The Lord's Prayer. • 
E soorngbichoomen busnewale Mjhahawde bub, toojhaja nam puvi- 
tra haye, toojhaja raj awyan, toojhajenei sooruga jei t'eijuguUchuj 
bichooye kita?i jaye. Ujhuje jioone jogya khorak aj wjhajo dey- 
na, hoor wjhajan kwrwj maphi knrya jeya ujhyau apne kwrujdan- 
yanjo niaphi kuringe, hoor pookhanje wjhahanjo mwt leva, tanbha- 
lya booraeeje chharaya, kehwje raj hoor SMmwrwtha hoor bwraeeya 
nitya toojhahaje he. Amen. 



No. 5. The Wuch language. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 



Sing. 
Minhn h an, I am. 
Toon he, thou art. 
So he, he is. 

— — ha, I was. 

ha, thou wast. 

ha, he was. 



Present. 



Past. 



Plur. 

Usan ahew, We are, &c 
Toosan ho. 
Oh bin. 

ahe, We were, &c. 

ahe. 

ahe. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
Aee swrngbich rxhunwala wsda pioo, tera naw pwvitra tha, tera raj 
awa, tera dilraatha surugbieh jnha tuba dooniya bich kwra wwngna. 
l/ska jeevtmlaywk khawwn aj nsko dewa, biawsda dewwn wsko chho- 
raj«ha r<see wpna dewunwaleko chhordelwn, bia ajmitt bich wsko 
na thttn pwra WHchhriakwri wsko chhor dea, kyounki raj bia pwra- 
kurum bia muhutum suda toosde hin. Amen. 



No. (5. The Sindh language. 



The two principal censes of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 

Ma ha/?, "I am. Use uhioo, We are, &e. 

Toon ahc, thou art, Twwe ho. 

So ahe, he is. Hoy ahe;?.. 

Past. 

has, I was. hawa,We were, &c, 

ho«e, thou wast. ■ hbo. 

ho, he was. ha. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
Ae SMi'Mg mjunj rwhw.nwara asfcja p?t, ttihuja nam puvitra thae, tw- 
huju r; j acha, tuhuja khMtirkhah surug mwnj juhuta tuhuta dooniya 
nittnj kura w?<ngn«. l/skha jeewn layuk kha?fn aj wskha deo, bhi muja 
dewn uska chbmda juha asa'pahitja deMnwarokhun chitdda hin, bhi 
ajmttt munj Msjamut wudha, pttra wuchhrtkhe chhitrao, chhwjaraj bhi 
puntkurum bhi mwhatMin toowwja bin. Amen. 



No. 7. The Southern Sindh. 



The two principal tenses of the Verb '* to b< 



Sing. 

Aoon h;mdoos, I am. 
Toon hooiide, thou art. 
O^lio hoondo, he is. 

hoose, I was. 

hoe?j, thou wast. 

boo, he was, 



Plur. 

Us?an hoo/idasew, We are,&c. 
Uwen hoondo?j. 
Ohe hoonda?i. 



Past. 



hooase, 

hoeon. 

hoa. 



We were, &c. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
He suriigmen bihunwara ussaja bhablia, toohija nawoo?i pwvitr« 
thiye, toohija rajoo ache, toohija wnssree swragmen jeena teerm alim- 
men kiyo wwngne. C7ssakhe jeewun juhwree khorak ajoo ussakhe 
diyo, uoon ussajo kiyo ussakhe bhukisoo kwriya jeena ttssa pahi jwni 
luhinewa roonikhe bhukisoo kunda hoowdase, uoon aji moowdeme?* 
wssakhe na hyo, bwla bhoochhiraeeywthon chhudiyaeeo, kohooki 
rajoo uoon pnttapoo uoon m«hati<moo sudaee unwawja hoonda. A* 
men. 



«6 APPEND! X. 

No. 8. The.Kutch language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Hajtn asuw, I am. Ami asunti, We are, &e. 

Too as</, thou art. Toomi asiiti. 

To asu, he is. Te astiti. 

Pas*. 

asa'llo, I was. - asinlle, We were, &c 

asillo, thou wast. asiile. 

■ asillo, he was. asille. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He amgelo swwrgari a?il3o bapoosoo, toomgelennam puvitraman- 
ya jawo, toomgelen rajya prukashoa jawo, kwshi swurgantoon tushi 
hhooyincheri toomgelen ishta kriya kelli jawo. Aji amge(e« sudun 
khawchew amka?i diya, ani kusen ami amgele?i denenkara?»k roon 
sorta t?isen amgelew roon sorya, amkaw pureekshetttoo gheoo naka 
tuvi amka?i apisiyatoolo sooth<ya ; teyiten rajya ani bid ani keerti ni- 
runttir toomgeli asa. Amen. 



No. 9. The Goojuratee language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. PI nr. 

Mm h%n, I am. Useen hanh, We are, &e. 

,'i'oon hin, thou art. Tooseea hunhooH. 

So hi, .lie is. So hin. J 

Past. 

san, I was. — — sa«h, We were, 

« ■ sin, thou wast. — — sunhoon. 

— — see, he was. sin. 

, . The Lord's Prayer. 

He swMrtfgnien n*hnewale lmmare pita, tera nam pwvitra howe, 
tera raj aw r e, tera ishta jispn/kar swarwgmm tisprukar pritheev^'khi 
keeta jawe. l/mare jeebitnlaik khaua wmaretauee ajoo dewhoo, ute 
jispr?*kar usee apneeaw kurujaeeyawko maph kurdehan tise usara 
kuruj usaretanee maph kwroo, ate usareko pfaeekhyavikhe praput 
mat kun<h«o, horkia hamaretanee boorete chhooraoo, kioonke raj ute 
p«rakwr«ni, «te ninhaXam sabh kalvikhe tenthee. Amen. 



APPENDIX. 



No. 10. The Kunkuca language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to ue," 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Amoo e nya, I am. Usee iyew, We are, &e„ 

Toomi iyew, thou art Tuxveen iyo. 

Oo ahe, he is. Oonnee ahe. 

Past. 

. — — ■ hos, I was. — hoaseew, We were, &c. 

hoyen, thou wart. hoa. 

- — - ae, he was. hoa. 

Tke Lord's Prayer. 
I surugmen rwhtmwara usacje pi, twwawjo nam pmitivr thfno, tu*~ 
waajo raj awe, tMwa?ijo w/shwoowaro surugmen edo tedo madooemerc 
kiyo binae, £7sawje jeeneje kaje khada uj wsanke d?'o, wwree «sa«= 
je decoo Msanke raaph kwryo jedo wsee nsawje kt<rwjdarke mapb ku- 
rioowtha, wwree pureksyamew wsawke m« gino, lekunboochhraeesere 
wsarake chhwdae, kitfheeje raj wuree purakkum wuree matwm swdae 
tttwanje ae. Amen. 



No. 11. The Punjabee or Sbikh language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to he" 
Present. 

Sing, Plur. 
Moon chhuoy, I am. Ume chhe^ye ?# We are, &e, 

Too chheya, thou art. Toome chho. 

Te chhe, he is. , Te chhwye. 

Past. 

— - hoto, I was. • hota, We were, &c. 

hoto, thou wast. hota. 

• • hoto, he was. hota. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
O suregmewrwa wala, araara pita, taboo nam puvitra yet tare 
raj awe, tare kbaturkha swrgma jeta teta doomyama kwra jay«. Ama- 
ite jeenelaywk khoorak aj araane do, wu\i amaroo roosa amanemap 
kKrojetoame potano kunydarane map kurtye churuye, xvuli pu= 
reekshama amone mo sop?m, bhoondaeethi chhorawo, kemwke raj 
wwli prakrwm mili mahaUna humesha tumarhe chhe. Amen. 



APPENDIX. 



Th; 
Oo 



\o. 



I he two 



ihan, I am. 
ho, thou ai 
he is. 



!. The Bikaiieer language. 
incipal tenses of the Verb " to be. 
Present. 



Pas'. 



— tho, I was. 

tho> thou wast. 

tho, he was. 



P 

Mhera haw 
Then ho. 
Wi hi. 



the. 
the. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
I swwrgmin rwhnawalo mhanka babha, tharo new puvitrw hoowo, 
tharo raj avvo, tharee khatirkhaji swufgmen jise thee sungsai nun 
kjuyaH jawo. Mhanke jeevitnyogya khorak aj mhanko dewo, our 
mhani rin mhako maph kitro jiso mhaka linayianiw ehhor dew, our 
piintkhraiw mhane mtiti iewo, ler nikhedaeesooH ehborawo, k} mini 
raj pur bul our 'mwhatMra rojeena thaftka Inn. Amen. 



No. 1; 



TLe Mara war lan^ua^e. 



The itvo principal lenses of the Verb " to be. 5 ' 



Sii 



Boon boon, I am. 
The ho, thou ait. 
Ooee he, he is. 

ha, T was. 

ha, thou wa:: 

— — ha, he was. 



Present. 



Past, 



Vim. 

Manhwre haw, We are, &c, 
T hanhwre ho. 
Wehee hi. 

be, We were, &c- 

he. 

he. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
He sitrwgmanhee ndiurihare mawhure bap.?o, tahhura nam pwv/tntf 
hohee, tahttre raj awe, tahttra iehchha maphik surwgma/mee jeliura 
teh?{radoantyama«hee kurayajahee. Mawhukoow jeene laywk khaire- 
koun aj marthitkoon do, wide manh?:ra oodhar mawhwkoon maph kwro 
ji/sa ma/diwre-apre oodharowalaretajiee maph kurehe, wide pwreek- 
shamardiee mawkttretanee ma tan lawo, lekwr boo//raeeh»ow chhoc- 
rawo, ka'«««jeere raj wwle jar wide muhima su<\% thewhwee hosee. 
Amen. 



APPENDIX. 



No. 14. The Juya-poora language. 
The two principal lenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 



Sing. 
Mun chhoow, I am. 
Toon chha, thou art. 
Oo chha, he is. 

chho, I was. 

chho, thou wast. 

chho, he was. 



Past. 



Plur. 

Mhe chhaw, We are, &e, 
The chho. 
Wa chha. 

chha, We were, &c. 

>— — chha. 
■ chho. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
I swurgmen rewawala mhaka bap, thanro nam ptmtra hoy, thanka 
rajawe, thanka banchha swurgmin jusya twsya prujamin karya jawe. 
Mhakutawijeeva layakkhawan aj mhune dewo,ttwur ndioko rin mha- 
ne maph kwro jisyo mhake upne 1 indaran maph kurochho, wwur pu- 
reekhamen mhane mut lewo, lekttr booraeesen chhwrawo,kyanlakani 
raj uwur purakrwm, uwwr mahatum swdai tha?*ka chha. Amen. 



No. 15. The Ooduya poora language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present* 

Sing. Plur. 
Humusta boon, I am. Hamastarc haw, We are, &c. 

Toomasta hi, thou art. Toomastan ho. 

Ooee ha, he is. Weee ha. 

Past. 

ho, I was. ha, We were, &c. 

ho, thou wast. ha. 

ho, he was. ha. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
E sttrungma ruhnawala xnhara dahajee, tala nam pwvitra hoowe, 
thara raj awsee, thara khamwnkhan surwngmew jussya tussya dooni- 
yamin kwyawe. Makee aj layuk khoorak aj mana dya, uni mato' 
kurjo malotanee maphkwro jyoon mahar upnan lenadaraktaeemaph 
kwruha, unin parwkhmen mardutanee muti lyo, leeen booraeesoon 
•chhoorawo,kyoonkaraj unntpurakuramwnui mwhatam rojeena thanri. 
Amen. 

H 



APPENDIX. 



No. 16. The Harutee language- 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Hoon chhoo??. I am. Mho chhan, We are, &c. 

Too chhe, thou art. Thaw chho. 

Oo elm, he is. W« chhe. 

Past. 

chhyo, I was. chha, We were, &c. 

chhyo, thou wast. chha. 

chhyo, he was. chha. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
A soorugmen rewahala manka dajee, thanka nam oojulo howin, than- 
ka raj owe«, thanke khaturkha chili soorugmen jeementeemen jnmee- 
men kw-rj an jawow, ma?<ka jeeha maphuk petyo aj dyo, our mhan- 
ka mathako denon mhawee b?<g«s dyo, jusya mhan upnan dhnnyow- 
kan bng?<sya chhi, our mhanka pr«rchyaniennmtlyo, leknn booraeeko 
thi kura,sontalokaikaraj our mareepharee our jushnmeshathankoee 
chhin. Amen. 



No. 17. The Maluwa language. 
The tuo principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Hoon hoon, 1 am. Mhan haw, We are, &c. 

Toon bin, thou art. The ho. 

Oo hi, he is. We ha. 

Past. 

ho, I was. ha, We were, &c. 

ho, thou wast. t ha. 

ho, he was. h' a « 

/ The Lord's Prayer. 
Ho suty olokmanhe buswawala mhake jee, thanra nawn sooddha 
howin, titmaro raj awe, tumare oolang sntyolokmewee jisoon son ani 
jwgwtmanee bhi keeda jawo. Mhanka pran rnkhwa maphik khnr- 
cheeuw ai hoo mlianke ttlang mokulee deejyo, upurunchi bhyayka 
roon mhanke ttlang hin oofthan pur maph kur bami howi jiunee twr- 
awsomh«n'upna?iOodhara lewawalanke ulzug phar kutikhaleedaho, 
ajooptui mhawketanee parkhamenitttm mutineep lee jyo, nprnnchi 
rahankitoc eson pnrmarakhi jyo, kyjunptraci raja our purakrum owjwn 
Ulwrmaraopi prnbhawa sudd, kaltanee tumaroee bnnyan. Amen 



APPENDIX. 



31 



No. 18. The Bruj language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present, 

Sing. Plur. 
Mm hoon, I am. ' Hum here, We are, &c. 

Tin ho, thou art. Toom hon. 

Yua hi, he is. We hiw. 

Past. 

bhuyo, I was. bhuyo, We were, &c. 

— — bhuyo, thou wast. bhuyo. 

— — bhuyo, he was. bhuyo. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He swwrgmeu ruhnuware humare pita, toomharo nam pwvitru ho- 
ee, toomharo raj awi, jisa toomharo banc'm't swurgmew hintiso dhur- 
teemeu hoow kuryoujay. Humare jeebun layuk bhojun aj humofc oon 
deoo, our jisiw hum apne kurj w arewk oon kshema kurira hin tisiw hee hu- 
maro rin humiu kshema kuro, our humkoon pureekshamiu muti leoo, 
pwruntoo humkoow booraeetin chhoorhawyo, yakamn raj our purak- 
r«m our muhatum suda toomharo hee hin. Amen. 



No. 19. The Bundelkhund language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Plur. 

Hume hutwe, We are, &c. 
Toome hutwe. 
Tene hutwe. 

Past. 

hute, We were, Sec, 

hute. 

hute. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
Ye swwrgmi ruhunware humaooke duda, toomre nam puvitra howut, 
toomre raj awut, toomre mwnmaphuk swurgmi jiso tiso sunsarme kuro 
jawut. Humore jeevun yog bhojun ajoo humakoou det, poonihumaoo- 
ka oodhar hum'aookoow maphuk kuvut, jiso humre upne oodharwaren- 
koora maphuk kurtoo hi, pooni pureechhamera, humaookoore jhwnoo let, 
kintoo booraweete chhoorawut, kapi raj, pitni bid, puni muhatum ni- 
tyoo toomre huto. Amen. 



Sing. 
Hum hutoo, I am. 
Toom hutoo, thou art. 
So hutoo, he is. 

huto, I was. 

— — huto, thou wast. 
— — huto, he was. 



APPENDIX. 



No, 20. The Mahratta language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 

Amhi ah aw. We are, &e. 
Toon ah as, thou art. Toomhi aha. 

To aha, he is. To ahat. 

Past. 

hotan, I was. — - hote, We were, &e. 

■ — — hota, thou wast. hote. 

— hot<i, he was. ■ hote. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He amche swurgustha pita, toomcha nam puvitia manya howo, 
toomcha rajya prukash howo, jusa swurgeen tusa prithiveent toorn- 
chee ishta kriya kelee jawo. Aj amcha nitya bhuksbya amhas dya, 
am jusu amhee amche oodharukaws rin kshuma kurtontusa amcha rin 
kshuma kura, amhas pureekshent gheoon nwka, puruntoo amhas apu- 
dahoon ooddhar kura, kanki suda survukshuneew rajya tutha shukti 
tutha gouruva toomcha. Amen. 



No. 21. The Magudha or South Bahar language, 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Hum hiikhun, I am. Humurunhi hukhunhi, We are, &c. 

Toh hokhuii, thou art. Tohurunhi hokhunht. 

Oouh hikhun, he is. Oonhwkwnhi hikhunln. 

Past. 

huseekhun, I was. - huleekhunhi, We were, &c. 

hwsokhun, thou wast. huloukhunhi. 

husikhwn, he was. hidikhunhi. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He swrgiak rahniharwa humrunhikar muhtar, tor nean shoodha 
hookhun, tor rujwa awokhun, tor nronpoorsya surgiame jisuu tisun 
sunsaimekur jayiklmn. Hiramrmhike jiatmek khiwawa ajoo deyo- 
khwnhumurmhike^aoorhumurumhikerkurjowahumrikechhori deyo- 
Minn jisunhumurumhi upna moojermhike chhori dehokhun, aoor 
purichhame hurourumhike chhori dehokhun, kintoo moodipitmase 
chhorawhi, kahika rajia aoor prubhootia aoor muhima swdiva tohu- 
rwmhiker hokhun. Amen. 



APPENDIX. 



S3 



No. 22. The North Koshala. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 



Sing. 
Hum uhee, I am. 
Toonhun who, thou art. 
li, he is. 

rwha, I was. 
ruha, thou wast, 
ruha, he was. 



Present. 



Past. 



Plur. 

Hwvnwren unhin, We are, &c, 
Tohttren who. 
Te unh'm. 

■ nthe, We were, &c. 

ruheoo. 

• rwhe,, 



The Lord's Prayer. 
He siiYugmuhinan ruhmhara hurarenuke bap, tohar nam pwvitwr 
boi, tohar raj awi, tohar ichchhapoorbwk surugmuhinm jusa twsasim- 
sarmtihinaw kiha jaee.' Humrenukuhun jeeyiyogya ahar ajoo hum* 
renkimhun dehoo, poom humrenkur rin knmrenkunhun chhorj dehoo 
jusa humren upne rimhuvikunhun chhorutahiw, poom pureekshamwhi- 
man humrenkunhu» jini lehoo, putdhw raise chhorahoo, kaheseki raj 
poom pooroosharuth pooni mwhatim niti tohttren ahin. Amen. 



No. 23. The Mithilee language. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb u to be." 



Sing. 
Hum ckM, I am. 
Tohen chhwha, thou art. 
Se Mchhi, he is. 

chhiflwhoow, I was. 

— — chhulaha, thou wast. 
chhula, he was. 



Present. 

Plur. 

Humra cheea, We are, &c. 
Tohuran chh?<hu. 
Se Mchhi. 

Past. 

chhwlwhoo?;, We were, &c= 

chhwla'ia. 

chhwia. 



The Lords Prayer. 
He swrwgka ruhnihute humw bap, tohar nam puv&ra hothoo, tohar 
rajya awthoo, tohar ishta juhun swrgmMdhya tidjune simsarmt^dhya 
kuenjae, hwmra jeewekyogya khaek hzmiraken deha, aor hwmar rin 
hmnramaph kuniha juhun kwmra wpna nmakew. maph kztricmtha, aor 
hitmrake/i piaeeksha mudhya jwmba neha, pwrwntoo ttdhunahastm 
chhoorawwha, kuhunekee raj) a aor pwrakrwni aor mahatmya survuda 
tohar achi. Amen. 

I 



£4 



APPENDIX. 
No. 24. The Nepal language. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be. 
Present. 



Plnr. . 
Hamiheroo chhouw, We are, &c. 
Tinuheroo chho. 
Tmheroo chhun. 
Past. 

thiyoun, We were, &c. 

thiyon. 

thiya. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He sttrwgman nthneheroo hamra baboo, tera nam p?«vitra hola, tera 
raj awla, tera khatirraaphik swrwgman jwsta twsta logmaw gwree jala. 
Hamilaee banchna layek khorak aj hamilaee dewoo, awwr hann'he- 
rookee rin hamiheroolaee maph g?tr jwsto Yrnmva aphna k«<rwjdarlaee 
maph gwrdwchhou, awttr pwreekshaman hamilaee wa lyou, lekin 
booraeeswng chhraw, ky alia raj awier purakrwm awtfr muhatma 
swda twmra chha. Amen. 



Sing. 

Homi chhouw, I am/ 
Timi chhon, thou art. 
So chha, he was. 

thiyouw, I was. 

thiyou, thou wast. 

- — thiya, he was. 



No. 25. The Assam language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be," 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Muy acho, I am. Ami acho, We are, &c. 

Tuy achcr, thou art. . Tomolak acha. 

Si ache, he is. Sibilak ache. 

Past. 

achiian, I was. achiljra, We were, &c. 

aclnla, thou wast. achila. 

achiia, he was. achiknta. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
He amar swwrgwt thwka Pitri, tomar nam pwvitrw many a hok 
tomar rajya prukash hok, jene swurgut teneki pfttiubeeto tomar 
banchit kurum kura hok. Ajiamar khabitr beham amztk diya, aroo 
jeneki amar dhwroowahuntwk ami suho teiieki amar dhar era, am-' 
ak pureekshali ni nibo, kintoo amak apttdwr pma pwritran kara 
kiywno suda-surbuda rajya aroo shwkti aroo gourwb eisuk^l tomar. 
Amen. 



APPENDIX. 



35 



No. 26. The Orissa or C' 

The two principal tenses of t 



Sing. 

Arabhe uchhoou, I am. 
Toombhe uchha, thou art. 
Se uchhunti, he is. 



Ambhwmanc uchho<m, We arc, &c. 
Toombhum-j ue « • hha. 
Semane uchhttnii'. 
Pas*. 

thiloou, I was. thiloon, We were, &c. 

■ tbila, thou w r as* thila. 

thile, he was. thjie. 

The Lord's Prayer, 
He ambnumanunkur swurgustha pita, toombfaur nam pubitra man- 
ya heoo, toombhur rajya prukash heoo, jemuta swurgure temwta pri- 
thibeere toomblmr ishta kn'ya kura jaoo. Ayi ambhumanunkur nttya 
bhuksha anibhumanunkoo diyo, poom jemuta ambhemane ambhu- 
nianimkur rindhareemanunkoo kshuma kuri seee muti ambhuma- 
nunkur rin kshuma kur, ambhumammkoo pureekshare ghenajao na, 
poom anibhumanunkoo apuduroo ruksha kur, kfpana suda surbukshu- 
nure rajya o shiukti o gourub toombhur. Amen. 



No. 27. The Telinga language. 
TheJwo principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present, 

Plur. 

Menwo oonnanio;>, We are, &c. 
Meeroo oonnarco. 
Waroo oonnaroo, 

Past. 

ooutam, 



Sing. 

Nenoo oJmianoo, I am. 
Neew ,h jonnawoo, thou art 
Wadoo oonnadoo, he is. 



oontim, I was. 
oontiwj, thou wast. 



We w ere, &c. 



oontm. 

oondm. 



The Lord's Prayer. 
Waya swurgumundoo oonne mayokka tundri, meeyokka namumo* 
puvitrumoo cheyyupwduni, neeyokka rajymoo ran?', neeyokka ishtu- 
moo yelagoona swurgirniundo alagoona bhoomiyundoonnrco cheyyupu- 
dwni : Mayokka jeev«nanukoo urhunihia bhukshyamunoo eeweH ma- 
korwkoo iyya, yelagoona meraoo mayokka roongrustulunoo kshuma 
chesto oontiamo alageona mayokka roonumunoo mfmini?/nookoorclu 
khuma cheyya, mumnu/noo pureekshuyundoo teesupowuddoonna 
yemunte munimunoo cheddutunumoonunchi winchipettoo, yedika- 
rwnunioowwllunoo rajyumoo,purakrt<!n«nioo muhatuiyumoonnoo surwu* 
da neeyokkyyewe. Amen. 



S5 APPENDIX, 

~No 28. The Kurnata language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Nanoo iddhene, I am. Nawoo iddhewe, We are, &c. 

Neeuoo iddhee, thou ait. Neewoo iddhiree. 

Utunoo iddhane, he is. Utuvoo iddhare. 

Pad. 

idde, I was. idde woo, We were, &c. 

— - i&di, thou wast. zddiree. 

jddwnoo, he wast. idduroo. 

The Lord's Prayer. - 
Yulo nummgala swwrg?< didlaroowu twnde, yevinna hesuroo pwvitra- 
wageddimthaddoowgulij ninna raj yu woo pn/kashttwagwli, hyagesw^r- 
gudullo hage bhoomeeyulla uinnv, iahta kn'yeyoomarwlwppMdMr^. Ee- 
hottoo nummugu\adwa.guloo timboowu diMvyztwwunoo numxnuguhama 
kooritoo kondoo, hyage nawoo n ymmw gu la salwgarwnna kooritoo salu- 
wanna bittubidtemo hage nurnmugvla salawanna bittwbidoo, num- 
mugidunna pitreeksheyulla tegwdoo kondoo hogabyada muttenduroo 
nummununna apiatin?jdash«yindarMksIusoo,yakeyMndwroo swda surva 
kaludulla rajywwoo shwktiy oo gourwvuwoonnoo m'nnudoo. Amen. 



No. 29. The Pushtoo or Affghan language. 

The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 

Sing. Plur. 
Zoo era, I am. Monga zoo, We are, &c. 

To e, thou art. Taso ywe. 

Uitgu duh , he is. Hwgawra dee. 

rast. 

oowam, I was. woo, We were, &c. 

we, thou wast. we. 

' wo, he was. woo. 

The Lord's Prayer. 
Pwlar chnmonj tth j wh pasm alike ye, nom swta dtjpakwe, badsha- 
hee swta dazahwrwh we, aw dareing kka j mIi pabwhekhtke dwh pu- 
jumkith daraduh s?<ta jaree see. Root/ dakaree orjee mongfdilarah 
padee orj wamongwhta rakuru.h, aw darang laka karasdarano kha- 
plolara monguh wubnkho turjonah shamongah wwbakshee, aw 
mongah pajmaikhtke raah ajwwh, b//lk«h lahbudeechekhah mon- 
guh khalas karah, dupara dudeehjuh badshahee aw koodrat aw 
loyee tur orjee dabaduh por lahagahchekhah to anyee. Amen. 



A P 'P END I X. 
No. 30. The Bulociiee langiiafe. 
Tfte tivo principal ttn»es of the Verb 11 to be.' 3 
Present. 



37 



Sing. 

s M«nik h?istian, I am. 
Teek liusteet, thou ari. 
Vnik bust, he is. 

: bitwgan, I was. 

bitugut, thou wast 

beet, he was. 



Plar. 

Mimikwii lwstin, We are, &c». 
Tikwn rnvsteet. 
Aik?ni &»&timt>. 

Past. 

hiiugeen, We were, &c. 

bitageet. 

• bitKgimt. 

The Lords Prayer. 
Ho men j««nta nindt/gani maianra pit, si/ir.ara nam pahuk b£ti£g?% 
swmara mistiri kai, swmari khatwrk hwah men jzaitajosi junjosi men 
wugara kiiti/gMt s«twgi. Maianra jundngina laik worak mii/ian: a mw- 
roji dint, digwr maianha warn maianra puhul k?mit h?mjcsi mari 
wwti wamdarania puhul kutugunt, digur maianra men ajmayia mu- 
jirit, lekin ash bwdiya ashtanir, p/atii/ya kuh niisluii digux feuwut 
digur j/jumwt humishuii swrnri has tit. Amen. 



No. 31. The Khassee language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 



Sing. 
Gna-dun, I am. 
Fee-dun, thou art. 
Oo-dwn, he is. 



Gna-laladi<n, I was. 
I'ee-laladttu^ thou wast. 
Oo- laladan, he w as. 

Ha oojoongabMndra ool 
teng bubha ooniuaneitnig 
ba habeneng, koomkata li 
kakam. Minta kajoongo; 
dra maya, pateng koomk 
bachimmram inyamap I 



Present, 



Past. 



Plur. 

Ee-d?m, We are, &c 

Fee-dun. 

Kee-dim. 



Ee-lalackn, We were, &c. 
Fee-lalad«n. 
Kee-laladwn. 
Lord's Prayer. 

wng habeneng ookpa kajoongpbikakwt- 
ajoongphi kashmmg banahtng, koomka- 
lundeoo o«ko/n kajoongphi kabasgnobha 
itindra halakashni kababam cbagnabun- 
l magnabundra kajoonggnabimdra iyaki- 
nkuta kajootiggnab;<ndi'f{ karamtwmap, 
iyugnabuudr« hakabapoorsang I'llani i) agnab«udra uakabajunjar 
tupunlay, aoa.e. halakasgoi kashnitng pateog karub oolehe kajoog- 
ua. Aim a. 

J 



S3 APPENDIX, 

No, 32. The Burman language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be/' or rather the participle* 

Present. 

rheethang, I, thou, lie, being, 
rheckrathung, we, ye, they, being. 
Past. 

rheekfthharfg, i, thou, he, been, 
rh-jekrakhithang, ws , ye, they, been. 
The Lord s Prkyer. 

Tfchar.pa koumgen gne nedauiootha kyoonda*ten*apa-kliuin.i 5 eda, 
kodonmec nam*, dathi yoothe thiphitse damoobo, kodauangandathi 
thooavou lajedamooba, thato kaumgennai koda ulodakne ugnee si- 
sbee utain puthawee mveba phitsedamo obfi. Kyoon(iado atheh 
tyeya akarago kyooiuia do ava nepethuna damoo ba-kyooudado 
ohee kyoemee thenthaloo dohgo kyenhoot thogih tho-kyoonda a do 
tspit kyoenieema kyenloot tomo^ba, .sihko mukauni thupien tsoua 
inaii than umop ayanai, kyoond adoga mukheden nii joothva da- 
noobalin kyooudaaojiolee nmkj am thee mukem lootomooba, abigyau 
peehoomooga kodanaingan i choon tugo anoobadothee utseen mu- 
kiat tsi damoo thaun gyani Uee. Amem 

N. B. The pronunciation of the letters is so varied by the accents and 
tones affiled to the Burman words, that we are somewhat doubtful rela- 
tive to this speciiurn, the :>ulfc of .» h:ch is ajuoh increased by the intro- 
duction of compound words. 

t 

No. 33. The Chinese language. 
The two principal tenses of the Verb " to be." 
Present. 



Slrg 



Plur 



Gno shee, I am. Gno-tung shee, W e are, &c. 

Irr shee, thou art. Irr-tung shee. 

T'ha shee, he is. T'ha-tung shee. 

Past. 

, t S al I was.* ts ^i- ^ e were, &c. 

thou wast. tsai. 

-was. tsai. 

The Lord's Prayer. 

Ga6-tuvigtsai t'hyen fo6 hoo, irr mingchhing-shlng, irr wang chee 1 , 
ir? yueh tsdb-chbing yu tee yu yu t'hyen yen. Kin yih tse oo-tung 
,. ;h k\ ea h ang-ehhih,sbyea oo-tung foo-kkyen yao oo-tung shyea too 
I k'tii r.6-U;n * chyea yea, wooti yun oo-tung hyen uy koo-hob, rsai 
kyeu oc^ung chliih yu ngoh-hyoong, khaiirr wy cbee kwoh cbee 
kbynen chee ycoag yu sbee-shee Amen. 

FJLNIS* 



